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天演论翻译（开头两段）

It may be safely assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Caesar set foot in southern Britain, the whole countryside visible from the windows of the room in which I write, was in what is called “the state of nature.” Except, it may be, by raising a few sepulchral mounds, such as those which still, here and there, break the flowing contours of the downs, man’s hands had made no mark upon it; and the thin veil of vegetation which overspread the broad-backed heights and the shelving sides of the combs was unaffected by his industry. The native grasses and weeds, the scattered patches of gorse, contended with one another for the possessions of the scanty surface soil; they fought against the droughts of summer, the frosts of winter, and the furious gales which swept, with unbroken force, now from the Atlantic, and now from the North Sea, at all times of the year; They filled up, as they best might, the gaps made in their ranks by all sorts of underground and overground animal ravagers. One year with another, an average population, the floating balance of the unceasing struggle for existence among the indigenous plants, maintained itself. It is as little to be doubted, that an essentially similar state of nature prevailed, in this region, for many thousand years before the coming of Caesar; and there is no assignable reason for denying that it might continue to exist through an equally prolonged futurity, except for the intervention of man.

和丘陵的斜坡，尚未受到人类文明的影响。藤蔓野草，一丛一丛的金雀花，为了争夺贫乏的方寸之土而潜滋漫长；夏与烈日斗，冬与严霜争，还要抗击一年四季从大西洋或北海不断吹来的狂风；这些植被为各种飞禽走兽、虫鼠蛇蚁破坏掉的。

不难想象，二千年前，凯撒还未征服不列颠南部时，站在书房的窗前，可以看到整个乡野是一种所谓的“自然状态”。除了几处隆起的坟墓，就像如今散落在这里的几抔，破坏了丘陵流畅的线条，此外恐再无他物，这里还未被人类染指；薄如面纱的植被笼盖着广阔的高地部分又会重新生长出来，好像它们最好这样。年复一年，为了生存，与本土的植物种群相竞争，将自己的种群数量维持在一种平衡的状态。无可怀疑，凯撒到来之前的几千年，这一地区主要是类似的自然状态占优势；除非由于人的干预，否则也没有明确的理由能否定它未来仍能以这样一种状态存在数千年。

Reckoned by our customary standards of duration, the native vegetation, like the “everlasting hills” which in clothes, seems a type of permanence. The little Amarella Gentians, which abound in some places today, are the descendants of those that were trodden underfoot, by the prehistoric savages who have left their flint tools, about, here and there; and they followed ancestors which, in the climate of the glacial epoch, probably flourished better than they do now. Compared with the long past of this humble plant, all the history of civilized men is but an episode.

用我们人类的时间标准来衡量，本地的植被就像它所覆盖的“永恒的小山”一样，似乎是亘古不变的。今天，某些地方繁生的小黄芩，就是那些史前时代，到处遗弃石器工具的野人所践踏过的小黄芩的后代。倘若追溯至远古，它们的祖先在冰山气候的条件下，可能比现在更为茂盛。与这种卑微植物漫长的过去相比，文明人类的历史只不过是一个插曲而已。

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